Internationalizing Social Work Education
 
		 				       Richard J. Estes 
					     University of Pennsylvania 
 
Recognition exists within social work of the need to "internationalize"
our programs of professional education, i.e., to prepare graduate and
undergraduate students for the complexities of practice in an 
increasingly more interdependent world.  The source of the profession's
renewed commitment to the international dimensions of its practice are
rooted in two parallel developments: (1) those profound social, political,
and economic changes occurring throughout the world that were identified in 
the previous chapter; and (2) the fundamental changes that are occurring
within social work concerning the nature and scope of its practice within
an international perspective. 
 
 
The Framework For International Social Work Education 
 
Within the profession, the "push" for increased attention to the
international dimensions of social work practice is being reinforced by:
(1) the increasingly more international nature of social work practice in 
the United States (e.g., with clients of diverse national, ethnic,
religious, social, and cultural backgrounds and with persons from other
countries); (2) the profession's recognition that social work knowledge, 
values, and skills have much to offer in finding sustainable solutions to
worldwide social problems; (3) the existence of an expanding international
social welfare infrastructure; and, (4) the increasing numbers 
of professional social workers engaged in international practice. 
 
	Also, wide agreement now exists within the profession concerning the
following international  dimensions of social work practice: 
 
  1.	that social, political, and economic events occurring in other parts
	of the world have direct, often immediate, sometimes lasting 
	consequences on the quality of life in our own hemisphere (especially 
	the social, political, and human problems associated with war, 
	violations of human rights, natural disasters, etc.); 

   2. 	that many of the underlying dynamics of human degradation and
	social injustice emanate from forces that are both national and
	international in character; 
 
  3.	that international social forces both cause and sustain social
	inequalities in particular societies, nations, or entire world 
	regions (eg., the international dimensions of racism and global 
	poverty); 
 
  4.	that international social forces sustain patterns of inter-personal
	violence between people and entire nations (e.g., racial, ethnic, and
	cultural intolerance); 
 
  5.	that many of the social problems confronting social workers are
	rooted in international dynamics that transcend national and cultural
	boundaries; 
 
  6.	that only under conditions of peace can national and international
	social development and, in turn,  human development be accelerated;  
 
  7.	that human survival to the year 2000 and beyond requires a
	fundamental restructuring of the relationships between peoples,
	communities, and entire nations;   
 
  8.	that a restructuring of the international social order is
	particularly urgent in reducing the profound, largely unnecessary, 
	levels of human misery, degradation, and inter-personal violence 
	that exist in the world's poorest developing countries; 
 
  9.	that, as a profession, social work possesses a unique body of
	knowledge, values, and skills that can positively impact upon
	the world social situation; and,  
 
 10.	that acting individually and collectively, substantial numbers of
	social workers are continuing the international social movement 
	begun by their forbearers toward the establishment of a more
	peaceful, socially just, and humane world order. 
 
 
	These ten principles are far-reaching; they also have profound
implications for the restructuring of  professional education in social
work toward its international responsibilities.  
 
 
Guiding Principles For International Social Work and Social Welfare 
 
The need for educational programs to give greater attention to the
international dimensions of social work practice is reinforced by the set
of "guiding principles" adopted by ministers of social welfare and senior 
policy makers from the 91 countries that participated in a special United
Nations Interregional Consultation on Developmental Social Welfare Polices
and Programmes.    
 
	The range of national and international social issues addressed 
at this meeting was far-reaching.  The guidelines adopted by the group
concerning future developments in the "social sectors" call for
unprecedented levels of international cooperation in working toward the
resolution of social problems that transcend national boarders.  The
guidelines also call for high levels of international cooperation between
all of the principle "actors" in the social sectors including the social
work profession, the social services, social welfare, and social
development.   
 
	The guidelines formulated at this meeting were subsequently 
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.   The following paragraphs
relate directly to the United Nations' vision of an increased international
approach to social work, social welfare, and social development. 
 
	Para 3.		Social welfare policies are widely perceived as 
being in need of redirection.  The persistent economic crisis, lack of
financial resources, emerging population patterns, economic 
structures, changing technology and popular aspirations call for
adjustments in policies and priorities. 
 
	Para 46.	The concept of social welfare has continued to 
evolve beyond its original support and remedial roles.  This is reflected
in its increase concern with prevention and the root causes of social  
disfunctioning. 
 
	Para 47.	Developmental social welfare focuses on the 
maximization of human potential and on fostering self-reliance and
participation in decision-making, and stresses the organization of family-
oriented, community-based and integrated services.  Social welfare
programmes assist individuals and  groups at various and in different
circumstances of life to develop their capacities and to become or remain
productive members of society, in addition to supporting those in need of
care, protection, and  financial help. 
 
	Para 48.	There is general agreement that: 
 
	(a)	The central objective of social welfare policy remains the
		enhancement of human well-being by raising the level of 
		living, ensuring social justice and widening opportunities 
		for people to develop their highest capacities as healthy, 
		educated, participating and contributing citizens; 
 
	(b)	Higher priority should be accorded to the developmental and 
		preventive functions of social welfare, including programmes 
		that serve to raise the level of living of the widest 
		possible sections of the population, stimulate self-help 
		projects and encourage new patterns of participation in 
		social affairs. 
 
 
	Para 49.	Social objectives are universal in that they meet 
the same basic needs and aspirations of people everywhere.  Bearing in
mind that differences in approach may be appropriate in countries with 
different social systems or at different levels of development, the
following global agenda and general Guiding Principles for social welfare
and social development commend themselves: 
 
	(a)	Social welfare programmes need to be seen in the broader 
		context of the goals and objective of  the Declaration on 
		Social Progress and Development.   The cardinal principle 
		of the Declaration retains its full validity: that all 
		people without distinction shall have the right to live 
		in dignity and freedom, without any form of discrimination 
		such as the repressive policy of apartheid, and with full 
		participation in the social development process, and to
		enjoy the fruits of social progress and should, on their 
		part, contribute to it. 
 
	(b)	The challenge of adapting to changing social and economic 
		conditions can be effectively met by better integrated and 
		mutually supportive economic and social development policies. 
		Social welfare and related social support systems need to be 
		reorganized to as to make a more positive contribution to 
		overall development within an appropriately long-term 
		perspective and continuity of policy objectives.  It is
		essential to emphasize that social programmes are not merely 
		claims on existing resources, but also forms of investment 
		similar to investments in economic infrastructure; 
 
	(c)	Internationally supported economic adjustment programmes 
		need to be designed within an appropriately long time-
		frame to allow adjustment to be achieved in a context of 
		growth, avoiding social dislocation.  In such programmes, 
		measures that shield the most vulnerable as well as 
		strengthen peoples' capacities to contribute to the 
		development effort need to be given greater prominence; 
 
	(d)	The equal rights of women and men in family matters must 
		be reinforced and greater recognition given to achieving the 
		equal participation of and equal benefits to women and men 
		in all areas  of social development within the framework of 
		the national laws in accordance with the Nairobi Forward-
		looking Strategies;  
 
	(e)	Adaptation to changing conditions will be easier to achieve 
		in a context of enhanced human solidarity, dignity, respect 
		of human rights, equality of men and women, social justice, 
		the exercise of democracy, freedom of association including 
		freedom of religion, speech, movement of persons and an 
		independent and just legal system; 
 
	(f)	A major concern in the design of new social welfare pro-
		grammes will be the fullest use of human resources, with 
		emphasis on the promotion of initiative and the self-reliance
		of individuals; 
 
	(g)	Special attention needs to be given to promotion of community
		and family viability in the context of equal partnership of 
		men and women and supporting the vulnerable and disadvan-
		taged in articulating their needs; 
 
       	(h)	Within the framework of nation laws there is a need to
		strengthen the role and  contribution of non-governmental 
		and voluntary organizations, private entities and people 
		themselves in enhancing social services, well-being and 
		development; 
 
	(i)	Social cohesion may be strengthened by the introduction of 
		national minima of social protection and support appropriate 
		to the prevailing conditions and level of resources.  These 
		would aim at protecting individuals from losing what they 
		gained by productive work and support the most disadvantaged 
		or vulnerable.  Such minima should be framed within the
		context of a long-term vision and commitment to their gradual 
		improvement; 
 
	(j)	There is a widely perceived need to promote better under-
		standing of the concepts and practices of  social welfare 
		in different countries and the role of social welfare in 
		overall social development; 
 
	(k)	National efforts to promote social progress and enhance 
		social welfare will be strengthened by more extensive 
		regional and interregional co-operation between Governments,
		non-governmental organizations and social interest groups; 
 
	(l)	Maintaining peaceful conditions and improving all forms of
		international co-operation and dialogue would also help the 
		States Members of the United Nations to concentrate better 
		on the important issues of social policy and social welfare. 
 
	Para 50.	Many of the new social and development challenges 
arise from the same global phenomena and provide a basis for closer and
more extensive international co-operation.  Contemporary social needs and
problems require appropriate developmental social welfare approaches and
measures at the national, regional, and interregional levels.  These
actions should be of varying types, taking into account the respective
conditions, stages of development, social systems and other factors in
different  States. 
 
 
 
Rationale for International Social Work Education 
 
Within the profession, one of the clearest statements of the importance of
international education is that articulated by the late Daniel Sanders. 
Sanders identified what he called a five-point "rationale" for
international social welfare education (Sanders and Pedersen, 1984:xii):  
 
	First and foremost, an international/cross-cultural social welfare
education has the potential of broadening student's horizons to an
awareness of other cultures, socio-economic and political systems, and
diverse approaches in dealing with social problems.  It frees social work
education from the "cultural myopia" that tends to persist. 
 
	Second, an international/cross-cultural emphasis help not only to
understand and appreciate diverse cultures from other countries but also
helps to understand and gain added insights into one's own country's
ideologies, values, cultural groups, and patterns.  It provides valuable
opportunities for testing social work premises, approaches, and techniques
in varying cultural and socio-economic contexts. 
 
	Third, international social welfare education exposes the students to
divergent thinking and to view critically and in comparative perspective
social policies, practices, and delivery patterns in a particular country.
It enhances the students' capacity to assess social problems and the
potential to contribute to creative developments in social policy and
social welfare practice. 
 
	Fourth, a program of education for international social welfare
stimulates possible collaboration between countries in social work
education, practice, and research.  This opens up the possibility of
developing cross-national research, teaching resources, case records and
other institutional arrangements that could foster collective efforts in
dealing with human problems. 
 
	Fifth, international social welfare education helps to bring into the
open the continuing question regarding how far social work education,
approaches, and techniques in a given country (e.g., the basic
assumptions, value premises, and approaches in American social work
education) are pertinent to people from other cultures, socio-political
contexts. 
 
 
	The remainder of Part I focuses on models of international education 
in social work (Chapter 2).  Chapter 3 attempts to answer the question of
"how much" versus "how little" international content to include in
individual programs. 
 
 
	RESOURCE MATERIALS ON 
	INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION IN SOCIAL WORK  
 
 
BASIC READINGS 
 
Anders, J.R. 1975. "Internationalism in Social Work Education," _Journal of
Education for Social Work_ 11(1):16-21. 
 
Billups, James O. 1990. "Toward Social Development as an Organizing
Concept For Social Work and Related Social Professions and Movements,"
_Social Development Issues_ 12(3):14-26. 
 
Boehm, Werner. 1980. "Teaching and Learning International Social Welfare,"
_International Social Work_ 23(2):17-24. 
 
Brauns, Hans-Jochen and David Kramer (Editors). 1986. _Social Work
Education in Europe: A Comprehensive Description of Social Work Education
in 21 European Countries_. (Frankfurt: Eigenverlag des Deutschen Vereins
Fur Offentliche und Private Fursorge). 
 
Brigham, T.M. 1982. "Social Work Education Patterns in Five Developing
Countries: Relevance of U.S. Microsystems Model," _Journal of Education for
Social Work_ 18(2):68-75. 
 
Brown, Edwin G. 1984. "Goals and Strategies in Introducing International
Social Welfare Content in the Curriculum," in Sanders and Pedersen (eds).,
1984:28-38. 
 
Chamberlain, E. R. 1991. "The Beijing Seminar: Social work Education in
Asia and the Pacific," _International Social Work_ 34(1):27-35.  
 
Cowan, B. and F. J. Turner. 1975. "Overseas Field Placement: An
Educational Experiment," _Journal of Education for Social Work_ 11(2):18-24. 
 
Dinerman, Miriam. 1983. "Educating Social Workers: British Patterns From
An American Perspective," _International Social Work_ 26:27-38. 
 
Eaton, J.W. 1973. "The International Dimension in Social Work Education,"
_International Social Work_ 16(2):56-60. 
 
Elliott, Doreen et al. (Editors). 1990. _The World of Social Welfare and
Social Services in International Context_. (Springfield IL: Charles C.
Thomas). 
 
Elliott, Doreen et al. _International Handbook on Social Work Theory and
Practice_ (in preparation). 
 
Estes, Richard J. 1988. _Trends in World Social Development_. (New York:
Praeger). 
 
Estes, Richard J. 1989. "International Experiences of American Social Work
Educators," _Journal of International and Comparative Social Welfare_
(Spring). 
 
Estes, Richard J. 1992. _At the Crossroads: Dilemmas in Development Toward
the Year 2000 and Beyond_. (New York: Praeger). 
 
Guzzetta, Charles, Katz, A.J. and English, R.A. (Editors). 1984. _Education
for Social Work Practice: Selected International Models_. (New York, NY:
Council on Social Work Education for the International Association of
Schools of Social Work). 
 
Healy, Lynne M. 1986. "Teaching and Learning International Social
Welfare," International _Social Work_ 23(2):17-24. 
 
Healy, Lynne M. 1987. "Curriculum Building in International Social Work:
Toward Preparing Professionals For the Global Age," _Journal of Social Work
Education_ 24(3):221-8. 
 
Healy, Lynne. 1987. "International Agencies as Social Work Settings:
Opportunity, Capability, and Commitment," _Social Work_ 32:405-409. 
 
Healy, Lynne M. 1988. "Curriculum Building in International Social Work:
Toward Preparing Professionals for the Global Age," _Journal of Education
for Social Work_ 24(3):221-228. 
 
Hokenstad, Merl and Gale Druga. 1984. _Internationalization of the Social
Work Curriculum: A Guide To Resources for Social Work Educators_
(Cleveland: Case Western Reserve School of Applied Social Sciences). 
 
Hufman, Starr. 1981. _NASW International Program Plan_. (Washington: NASW). 
 
Institute of International Education. 1990. _U.S. College-Sponsored
Programs Abroad: Academic Year_ (New York: IIE). 
 
Institute of International Education. 1991. Open Doors: 1990/1991 Report
on International Educational Exchange (New York: IIE). 
 
Jones, Jack. 1981. "Can We Teach Social Development in a Social Work
Curriculum?," _International Social Work_ 24(4):29-31. 
 
Kendall, Katherine A. (Editor). 1990. _The International in American
Education_. (New York: Hunter   College School of Social Work). 
 
Lister, Larry. 1987. "Curriculum Building in Social Work Education: the
Example of Ethnocultural Content," _Journal of Education for Social Work_
23(1):31-39. 
 
Lowenstein, Florence and Roger McClanahan (eds.). 1983. _U.S. Nonprofit
Organizations in Development Assistance Abroad_. (New York: Technical
Assistance Clearing House). 
 
Manis, F. 1972. _Field Practice in Social Work Education: Perspectives From
an International Base_. (Fullerton CA: Sultana). 
 
Midgley, James. 1990. "International Social Work: Learning From the Third
World," _Social Work_ 35(4):295- 301. 
 
Mohan, Brij. "International Social Work," _Encyclopedia of Social Work_
(Washington: NASW). 
 
Paiva, Francis X. 1977. "A Conception of Social Development," _Social
Service Review_ 51(2):327-336. 
 
Rao, Vijaya and Kendall, Katherine (Editors). 1984. _World Guide to Social
Work Education_. Second Edition. (New York, NY: Council on Social Work
Education for International Association of School of Social Work). 
 
Raskin, Miriam, Louise Skolnik, and Julianne Wayne. 1991. "An
International Perspective of Field Instruction," _Journal of Social Work
Education_ 27(3):258-269. 
 
Rosenthal, Beth S. 1988. _Development Education: Making It Work In and For
Your Organization_. (New York: CARE). 
 
Rosenthal, Beth S. 1991. "Social Workers' Interest in International
Practice in the Developing World: A Multivariate Analysis," _Social Work_
36(3):248-252. 
 
Sanders, Daniel. 1974. "Educating Social Workers For the Role of Effective
Change Agents in a Multicultural, Pluralistic society," _Journal of
Education for Social Work_ 10(2):86-91. 
 
Sanders, Daniel S. 1977. "Developing a Graduate Social Work Curriculum
With an International Cross-Cultural Perspective," _Journal of Education for
Social Work_ 13(3):76-83. 
 
Sanders, Daniel S. (Editor). 1982. _The Developmental Perspective in Social
Work_. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii School of Social Work). 
 
Sanders, Daniel and Paul Pedersen (eds.). 1984. _Education for
International Social Welfare_ (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press). 
 
Sanders, Daniel S. and Richard J. Estes (eds.). 1984. _Basic Readings
Bibliography in International Social Welfare_ (Washington: CSWE). 
 
Sanders, Daniel S. and Jon K. Matsuoka. 1989. _Peace and Development: An
Interdisciplinary Perspective_. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii School of
Social Work). 
 
Spergel, Irving. 1977. "Social Development and Social Work,"
_Administration in Social Work_ 1(3):221-233. 
 
Stein, Herman. 1976. "Social Work's Developmental Change Perspective:
Their Roots in Practice," _Social Service Review_ 50(1). 
 
Stoner, J. A. et al. 1972. "Factors Associated With Effective Performance
in Overseas Work Assignments," _Personnel Psychology_ 25:303-318. 
 
United Nations. 1987. _Who is Doing What in Development Education: A U.S.
Development Education Directory_. (New York: UN/NGLS). 
 
U.S. Agency for International Development. 1989. _Development Education
Resources Produced by Biden-Pell Grantees and Other Development Educators_.
(Washington: Agency for International Development). 
 
Van Soest, Dorothy. 1992. _Incorporating Peace and Social Justice Into the
Social Work Curriculum_ (Washington: National Association of Social Workers). 
 
Walz, Thomas, 1984. "Field Learning and Experimentation in International
Social Welfare," in Daniel Sanders and Paul Pedersen (Editors) _Education
for International Social Welfare_ (Honolulu: University of Hawaii School of
Social Work), pp. 109-113. 
 
Watts, Thomas et al. (Editors). _International Handbook on Social Work
Education_ (in progress). 
 
 
BASIC JOURNALS 
 
Development 
The Economist 
Journal of Development Economics 
Journal of Development Studies 
Journal of International and  
 Comparativ
New Internationalist 
Social Development Issues 
International Social Work 
UN Chronicle 
World Development 
 
 
 
BASIC FILM AND VIDEO-CASSETTES RESOURCES 
 
Amnesty International  
(Human Rights) 
Satellite Office 
3601 Locust Walk 
Room 32 
Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 
 
Center for Peace Education 
1929 5th Street South 
Minneapolis MN 55454 
(612) 729-3106 
 
Covenant Video 
3200 West Foster Avenue 
Chicago IL 60625 
(800) 621-1290 
 
Films, Inc. 
733 Green Bay Road 
Wilmette IL 60091 
(800) 323-4222 
 
Films For the Humanities and Social Sciences 
(General) 
P.O. Box 2053 
Princeton NJ 08543-2053 
(800) 257-5126 
 
Filmakers Library  
(General) 
124 East 40th Street 
New York NY 10016 
(212) 808-4980 
 
Impact Productions 
1725 Seabright Avenue 
Santa Cruz CA 94062 
 
Insight Media  
(Cultural Anthropology) 
121 West 85th Street 
New York NY 10024 
(212) 721-6316 
 
National Association of Social Work 
Peace and International Affairs Office 
750 First Street, NE 
Washington DC 20002-4241 
(800) 638-8799 
 
Public Broadcasting Service Video  
(General) 
1320 Braddock Place 
Alexandria VA 22314-1698  
(800) 344-3337 
 
University Film and Video  
(General; Practice) 
University of Minnesota 
1313 Fifth Street SE 
Suite 108 
Minneapolis MN 55414 
(800)847-8251 
 
Video Finders (PBS) 
(900) 860-9301  
 
Video Project  
(Peace, Military) 
5332 College Avenue 
Suite #101 
Oakland CA 94618 
(415) 655-9050 
 
World Neighbors  
(Development Education Filmstrips) 
5116 North Portland Avenue 
Oklahoma City OK 73112 
(405) 946-3333 
 
 
 
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS 
 
American Association for World Health 
2001 S Street NW 
Washington DC 20009 
(202) 265-0286 
 
Amnesty International, USA 
322 8th Avenue 
New York NY 10001 
 
American Friends Service Committee 
1501 Cherry Street 
Philadelphia PA 19102-1479 
 
CARE 
660 First Avenue 
New York NY 100
(212) 686-3110 
 
Center for Defense Information 
1500 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 
Washington DC 20005 
(202) 862-0700 
 
CODEL 
475 Riverside Drive 
Room 1842 
New York NY 10115 
(212) 870-3000 
 
Council for International Exchange of 
Scholars (CIES) 
Fulbright Program 
3007 Tilden Street NW 
Suite 5M 
Washington DC 20008-3009 
(202) 686-7877 
 
Council of International Programs 
1101 Wilson Boulevard 
Suite 1708 
Arlington VA 22209-2504 
(703) 527-1160 
 
The Hunger Project 
Washington DC 
 
InterAction 
200 Park Avenue South 
New York NY 10003 
(212) 777-8210 
 
Inter-American Foundation 
1515 Wilson Blvd 
Arlington VA 22209 
(703) 841-3813 
 
International Council on Social Welfare 
U.S. Committee 
% Council of International Programs 
1101 Wilson Boulevard 
Suite 1708 
Arlington VA 22209-2504 
(703) 527-1160 
 
International Development Foundation 
P.O. Box 70257 
Washington DC 20024 
(202) 723-7010 
 
International Labour Office 
Publications Center 
49 Sheridan Avenue 
Suite WD 
Albany NY 12210 
(518) 436-9686 
 
International Monetary Fund 
Publications Division 
700 19th Street NW 
Suite 700 
Washington DC 20005 
(202) 393-0150 
 
Inter-University Consortium for  
International Social Development 
San Jose State University 
School of Social Work 
San Jose CA 
 
Organization of American States 
1889 F Street NW 
Washington DC 20006 
 
Overseas Development Council 
1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW 
Washington DC 20036 
(202) 234-8701 
 
Panos Institute 
(Sustainable Development) 
1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW 
Suite 301 
Washington DC 20036 
(202) 529-3210 
 
Society for International Development 
Washington Chapter 
1401 New York Avenue NW 
Suite 1100 
Washington DC 20005 
(202) 347-1800 
 
Society for Intercultural Education,  
 Training, and Research 
733 15th Street NW 
Suite 900 
Washington DC 20005 
 
TOES (The Other Economic Summit) 
P.O. Box 12003 
Austin TX 78711 
(512) 476-4130 
 
United Nat
Non-Governmental Liaison Service 
Room DC 2-1103 
United Nations Building 
New York NY 10017 
 
United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) 
3 United Nations Plaza 
New York NY 10017 
FAX (212) 326-7768 
 
U.S. Agency for International Development 
Department of State 
Washington DC 20523 
(202) 647-1850 
 
U.S. Social Security Administration 
Office of Policy Research 
1875 Connecticut Avenue NW 
Washington DC  
(202) 673-5713 
 
U.S. Institute of Peace 
1550 M Street 
Suite 700-S92 
Washington DC 20005-1708 
 
Wilderness Society 
900 17th Street, NW 
Washington DC 200006-2596 
(202) 833-2300 
 
Women's Foreign Policy Council 
9th Floor 
1133 Broadway 
New York NY 10010 
 
Women's International Policy Action Committee 845 Third Avenue 
15th Floor 
New York NY 10022 
(212) 759-7982 
 
World Bank 
1818 H Street, NW 
Washington DC 20433 
(202) 477-8825 
 
World Education, Inc. 
210 Lincoln Street 
Boston MA 02111 
(617) 482-9485 
 
The World Game 
3508 Market Street 
Philadelphia PA 19104 
(215) 387-0220 
 
WorldWatch Institute 
1776 Massachusetts Avenue NW 
Washington DC 20036 
(202) 452-1999 
 
World Resources Institute 
1735 New York Avenue NW 
Suite 400 
Washington DC 20006 
(202) 638-6300 
      United Nations. 1988. Guiding Principles For Developmental Social
Welfare Policies and Programmes in the Near Future held at Vienna 7-15
September 1987. (New York: United   Nations). 
      The guiding principles were subsequently endorsed by the United
Nations General Assembly on 7  December 1987 in its resolution 42/125. 
      Based on the general principles outlined in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948 (217[III]), this
declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 11
December 1969 (2542[XXIV])).  These principles, in turn, have been
successively reinforced in other General Assembly's resolutions declaring
with social welfare and   social development including: the Declaration on
the Rig (41/128) and the Strategies for the First, Second, Third and Fourth
United Nations Development Decades, proclaimed in General Assembly
resolutions 1710(XVI) of 19 December 1961, 2626(XXVI) of 24 October 1970,
35/56 of 5 December 1980 and 45/199 of 21 December 1990. 
         Adopted on 26 July 1985 by the World Conference to Review and
Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women:
Equality, Development and Peace.  These strategies were based on an
earlier Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against 
Women adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 18 December 1979  
(34/180).   

------------
Excerpted from Richard J. Estes (1992) _Internationalizing Social Work
Education:  A Guide to Resources For a New Century_ (Philadelphia: 
University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work).

Permission is granted to disseminate this document so long as proper
credit has been given to the source.